A: Zeropain® (Ketorolac Tromethamine) is a potent analgesic classified as a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID). It functions by inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzyme system, which is responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins—chemicals that mediate pain and inflammation. Unlike traditional NSAIDs, Ketorolac primarily exhibits analgesic properties with minimal anti-inflammatory effects. After administration, the drug is rapidly absorbed and distributed in the body. The plasma half-life varies based on the patient's age: Young adults: Approximately 5.3 hours Elderly patients (mean age 72 years): Around 7 hours More than 99% of Ketorolac Tromethamine binds to plasma proteins, ensuring a prolonged analgesic effect. The drug is mainly excreted through the kidneys, making it essential to adjust doses for patients with renal impairment.

A: Zeropain® is used for the short-term management of moderate to severe acute pain, where analgesia at the opioid level is required. It is especially beneficial in postoperative pain management, musculoskeletal injuries, and post-trauma pain relief. However, it is not recommended for chronic pain conditions, such as arthritis, due to its potential side effects and limitations on duration of use. The maximum treatment period is: Injection form: Up to 5 days Tablet form: Up to 7 days Due to its strong analgesic properties, Zeropain® is often used as an alternative to opioids for pain relief, reducing the risk of opioid dependence while maintaining effective pain management.

A: The dosage of Zeropain® varies depending on the patient's age, renal function, and weight: For patients ≥2 years (children):Single Dose: 0.5-1.0 mg/kg (I.V.) Multiple Doses: 0.5-1.0 mg/kg initially, followed by 0.5 mg/kg every 6 hours, up to a maximum of 2 days. For patients <65 years (adults without renal impairment): Single Dose: 10-30 mg (I.M. or I.V.) Multiple Doses: 10-30 mg every 6 hours, with a maximum daily dose of 120 mg for up to 5 days. For patients ≥65 years, with renal impairment, or body weight <50 kg: Single Dose: 10-15 mg (I.M. or I.V.) Multiple Doses: 10-15 mg every 6 hours, with a maximum daily dose of 60 mg for up to 5 days. For oral administration, the total combined dose on the day of conversion from injection to tablet should not exceed: 120 mg (for patients under 65 years) 60 mg (for elderly, renally impaired, or underweight patients) Oral dose should not exceed 40 mg per day

A: Zeropain® is contraindicated in patients with the following conditions: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding or perforation, especially if related to previous NSAID use. Severe heart failure, as NSAIDs can cause fluid retention and worsen cardiac conditions. Moderate to severe renal impairment, since Ketorolac is excreted primarily through the kidneys and may cause renal toxicity. Pregnancy and labor, as it can harm fetal development and prolong labor by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Cerebrovascular bleeding (suspected or confirmed) due to its potential effect on bleeding time. Patients receiving aspirin (ASA) or other NSAIDs, as this increases the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeding. Hypersensitivity to NSAIDs, as it may trigger severe allergic reactions, including bronchospasm, anaphylaxis, or severe skin reactions. Due to these contraindications, careful patient assessment is essential before prescribing Zeropain®.

A: Like all NSAIDs, Zeropain® may cause adverse effects, particularly with prolonged use or high doses. Some of the most common side effects include: Gastrointestinal (GI) Issues: Nausea, dyspepsia, vomiting, gastrointestinal pain, and bleeding Peptic ulcers and, in severe cases, gastrointestinal perforation Cardiovascular Effects: Hypertension (high blood pressure) Bradycardia (slow heart rate) Postoperative wound hemorrhage Renal Effects: Acute renal failure (especially in elderly patients or those with pre-existing kidney disease) Hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood) Respiratory Effects: Asthma, bronchospasm, and respiratory distress in patients with NSAID sensitivity Neurological Effects: Headache, dizziness, and sweating Dry mouth and abnormalities in liver function tests Due to these potential side effects, Zeropain® should only be used for short-term pain relief under strict medical supervision.

A: Zeropain® can interact with several other drugs, leading to potential complications: Probenecid – Increases plasma levels of Ketorolac, leading to prolonged drug action and increased risk of toxicity. Lithium – Increases lithium toxicity, which may cause severe neurological effects. Other NSAIDs (e.g., Ibuprofen, Diclofenac) – Increases the risk of gastric ulcers and kidney damage. ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril, Lisinopril) – May reduce renal function, leading to acute kidney injury. Warfarin and other anticoagulants – Increases the risk of bleeding and hemorrhage. Patients receiving SSRIs, antiplatelet drugs, or corticosteroids should also use Zeropain® with caution due to increased bleeding risks.

A: To maintain the effectiveness and stability of Zeropain®, it should be stored under the following conditions: Temperature: Store at a temperature not exceeding 30°C. Humidity: Keep in a dry place, away from moisture. Light Protection: Store in a light-protected area to prevent degradation of active ingredients. Child Safety: Keep out of reach of children to prevent accidental ingestion. Supply Information: Zeropain® Tablet: Each box contains 3×10 film-coated tablets in a blister pack. Proper storage ensures the potency and safety of the medication throughout its shelf life.